The foundation of a science-based practice is having a general problem-solving model by which to make decisions (Tilly III, 2008). The underlying premise of the problem-solving model is that, as professionals, we never know in advance what will work for an individual student or groups of students. A 5-step problem solving model (Batsche & Knoff, 1995; Knoff, 2002), is supported as both a theoretical and practical framework for decision making.  At the heart of problem-solving is asking the right question.  So, within each of the 5 steps, professionals respond to specific questions that lead to solutions for identified problems.   

1.  Problem Identification - What is the discrepancy between what is expected and what is occurring?
2.  Problem Analysis - Why is the problem occurring?

3.  Plan Development - What is the goal? What is the intervention plan to meet this goal? How will progress be monitored?
4.  Plan Implementation - How will intervention integrity be ensured?
5.  Plan Evaluation - Was the intervention plan effective?